5 from scapy.packet import Raw
6 from scapy.layers.l2 import Ether, Dot1Q, GRE, ERSPAN
7 from scapy.layers.inet import IP, UDP
8 from scapy.layers.vxlan import VXLAN
10 from framework import VppTestCase, VppTestRunner
11 from util import Host, ppp
12 from vpp_sub_interface import L2_VTR_OP, VppDot1QSubint, VppDot1ADSubint
13 from vpp_gre_interface import VppGreInterface
14 from vpp_vxlan_tunnel import VppVxlanTunnel
15 from collections import namedtuple
16 from vpp_papi import VppEnum
19 Tag = namedtuple('Tag', ['dot1', 'vlan'])
24 class TestSpan(VppTestCase):
25 """ SPAN Test Case """
29 super(TestSpan, cls).setUpClass()
31 cls.pkts_per_burst = 257 # Number of packets per burst
32 # create 3 pg interfaces
33 cls.create_pg_interfaces(range(3))
36 cls.sub_if = VppDot1QSubint(cls, cls.pg0, 100)
37 cls.vlan_sub_if = VppDot1QSubint(cls, cls.pg2, 300)
38 cls.vlan_sub_if.set_vtr(L2_VTR_OP.L2_POP_1, tag=300)
40 cls.qinq_sub_if = VppDot1ADSubint(cls, cls.pg2, 33, 400, 500)
41 cls.qinq_sub_if.set_vtr(L2_VTR_OP.L2_POP_2, outer=500, inner=400)
43 # packet flows mapping pg0 -> pg1, pg2 -> pg3, etc.
45 cls.flows[cls.pg0] = [cls.pg1]
46 cls.flows[cls.pg1] = [cls.pg0]
49 cls.pg_if_packet_sizes = [64, 512, 1518] # , 9018]
51 # setup all interfaces
52 for i in cls.pg_interfaces:
58 super(TestSpan, self).setUp()
59 self.vxlan = VppVxlanTunnel(self, src=self.pg2.local_ip4,
60 dst=self.pg2.remote_ip4, vni=1111)
61 self.vxlan.add_vpp_config()
62 self.reset_packet_infos()
65 super(TestSpan, self).tearDown()
67 def show_commands_at_teardown(self):
68 self.logger.info(self.vapi.ppcli("show interface span"))
70 def xconnect(self, a, b, is_add=1):
71 self.vapi.sw_interface_set_l2_xconnect(a, b, enable=is_add)
72 self.vapi.sw_interface_set_l2_xconnect(b, a, enable=is_add)
74 def bridge(self, sw_if_index, is_add=1):
75 self.vapi.sw_interface_set_l2_bridge(rx_sw_if_index=sw_if_index,
76 bd_id=self.bd_id, enable=is_add)
78 def _remove_tag(self, packet, vlan, tag_type):
79 self.assertEqual(packet.type, tag_type)
80 payload = packet.payload
81 self.assertEqual(payload.vlan, vlan)
82 inner_type = payload.type
83 payload = payload.payload
84 packet.remove_payload()
85 packet.add_payload(payload)
86 packet.type = inner_type
88 def remove_tags(self, packet, tags):
90 self._remove_tag(packet, t.vlan, t.dot1)
93 def decap_gre(self, pkt):
95 Decapsulate the original payload frame by removing GRE header
97 self.assertEqual(pkt[Ether].src, self.pg2.local_mac)
98 self.assertEqual(pkt[Ether].dst, self.pg2.remote_mac)
100 self.assertEqual(pkt[IP].src, self.pg2.local_ip4)
101 self.assertEqual(pkt[IP].dst, self.pg2.remote_ip4)
103 return pkt[GRE].payload
105 def decap_erspan(self, pkt, session):
107 Decapsulate the original payload frame by removing ERSPAN header
109 self.assertEqual(pkt[Ether].src, self.pg2.local_mac)
110 self.assertEqual(pkt[Ether].dst, self.pg2.remote_mac)
112 self.assertEqual(pkt[IP].src, self.pg2.local_ip4)
113 self.assertEqual(pkt[IP].dst, self.pg2.remote_ip4)
115 self.assertEqual(pkt[ERSPAN].ver, 1)
116 self.assertEqual(pkt[ERSPAN].vlan, 0)
117 self.assertEqual(pkt[ERSPAN].cos, 0)
118 self.assertEqual(pkt[ERSPAN].en, 3)
119 self.assertEqual(pkt[ERSPAN].t, 0)
120 self.assertEqual(pkt[ERSPAN].session_id, session)
121 self.assertEqual(pkt[ERSPAN].reserved, 0)
122 self.assertEqual(pkt[ERSPAN].index, 0)
124 return pkt[ERSPAN].payload
126 def decap_vxlan(self, pkt):
128 Decapsulate the original payload frame by removing VXLAN header
130 self.assertEqual(pkt[Ether].src, self.pg2.local_mac)
131 self.assertEqual(pkt[Ether].dst, self.pg2.remote_mac)
133 self.assertEqual(pkt[IP].src, self.pg2.local_ip4)
134 self.assertEqual(pkt[IP].dst, self.pg2.remote_ip4)
136 return pkt[VXLAN].payload
138 def create_stream(self, src_if, packet_sizes, do_dot1=False, bcast=False):
140 dst_if = self.flows[src_if][0]
141 dst_mac = src_if.remote_mac
143 dst_mac = "ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff"
145 for i in range(0, self.pkts_per_burst):
146 payload = "span test"
147 size = packet_sizes[int((i / 2) % len(packet_sizes))]
148 p = (Ether(src=src_if.local_mac, dst=dst_mac) /
149 IP(src=src_if.remote_ip4, dst=dst_if.remote_ip4) /
150 UDP(sport=10000 + src_if.sw_if_index * 1000 + i, dport=1234) /
153 p = self.sub_if.add_dot1_layer(p)
154 self.extend_packet(p, size)
158 def verify_capture(self, cap1, cap2):
159 self.assertEqual(len(cap1), len(cap2),
160 "Different number of sent and mirrored packets :"
161 "%u != %u" % (len(cap1), len(cap2)))
163 pkts1 = [(pkt[Ether] / pkt[IP] / pkt[UDP]) for pkt in cap1]
164 pkts2 = [(pkt[Ether] / pkt[IP] / pkt[UDP]) for pkt in cap2]
166 self.assertEqual(pkts1.sort(), pkts2.sort())
168 def test_device_span(self):
169 """ SPAN device rx mirror """
171 # Create bi-directional cross-connects between pg0 and pg1
172 self.xconnect(self.pg0.sw_if_index, self.pg1.sw_if_index)
173 # Create incoming packet streams for packet-generator interfaces
174 pkts = self.create_stream(self.pg0, self.pg_if_packet_sizes)
175 self.pg0.add_stream(pkts)
177 # Enable SPAN on pg0 (mirrored to pg2)
178 self.vapi.sw_interface_span_enable_disable(
179 self.pg0.sw_if_index, self.pg2.sw_if_index)
181 self.logger.info(self.vapi.ppcli("show interface span"))
182 # Enable packet capturing and start packet sending
183 self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
186 # Verify packets outgoing packet streams on mirrored interface (pg2)
188 pg1_pkts = self.pg1.get_capture(n_pkts)
189 pg2_pkts = self.pg2.get_capture(n_pkts)
191 # Disable SPAN on pg0 (mirrored to pg2)
192 self.vapi.sw_interface_span_enable_disable(
193 self.pg0.sw_if_index, self.pg2.sw_if_index, state=0)
194 self.xconnect(self.pg0.sw_if_index, self.pg1.sw_if_index, is_add=0)
196 self.verify_capture(pg1_pkts, pg2_pkts)
198 def test_span_l2_rx(self):
199 """ SPAN l2 rx mirror """
201 self.sub_if.admin_up()
203 self.bridge(self.pg2.sw_if_index)
204 # Create bi-directional cross-connects between pg0 subif and pg1
205 self.xconnect(self.sub_if.sw_if_index, self.pg1.sw_if_index)
206 # Create incoming packet streams for packet-generator interfaces
207 pkts = self.create_stream(
208 self.pg0, self.pg_if_packet_sizes, do_dot1=True)
209 self.pg0.add_stream(pkts)
211 # Enable SPAN on pg0 (mirrored to pg2)
212 self.vapi.sw_interface_span_enable_disable(
213 self.sub_if.sw_if_index, self.pg2.sw_if_index, is_l2=1)
215 self.logger.info(self.vapi.ppcli("show interface span"))
216 # Enable packet capturing and start packet sending
217 self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
220 # Verify packets outgoing packet streams on mirrored interface (pg2)
221 pg2_expected = len(pkts)
222 pg1_pkts = self.pg1.get_capture(pg2_expected)
223 pg2_pkts = self.pg2.get_capture(pg2_expected)
224 self.bridge(self.pg2.sw_if_index, is_add=0)
226 # Disable SPAN on pg0 (mirrored to pg2)
227 self.vapi.sw_interface_span_enable_disable(
228 self.sub_if.sw_if_index, self.pg2.sw_if_index, state=0, is_l2=1)
229 self.xconnect(self.sub_if.sw_if_index, self.pg1.sw_if_index, is_add=0)
231 self.verify_capture(pg1_pkts, pg2_pkts)
233 def test_span_l2_rx_dst_vxlan(self):
234 """ SPAN l2 rx mirror into vxlan """
236 self.sub_if.admin_up()
237 self.vapi.sw_interface_set_flags(self.vxlan.sw_if_index,
240 self.bridge(self.vxlan.sw_if_index, is_add=1)
241 # Create bi-directional cross-connects between pg0 subif and pg1
242 self.xconnect(self.sub_if.sw_if_index, self.pg1.sw_if_index)
243 # Create incoming packet streams for packet-generator interfaces
244 pkts = self.create_stream(
245 self.pg0, self.pg_if_packet_sizes, do_dot1=True)
246 self.pg0.add_stream(pkts)
248 # Enable SPAN on pg0 sub if (mirrored to vxlan)
249 self.vapi.sw_interface_span_enable_disable(
250 self.sub_if.sw_if_index, self.vxlan.sw_if_index, is_l2=1)
252 self.logger.info(self.vapi.ppcli("show interface span"))
253 # Enable packet capturing and start packet sending
254 self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
257 # Verify packets outgoing packet streams on mirrored interface (pg2)
259 pg1_pkts = self.pg1.get_capture(n_pkts)
260 pg2_pkts = [self.decap_vxlan(p) for p in self.pg2.get_capture(n_pkts)]
262 self.bridge(self.vxlan.sw_if_index, is_add=0)
263 # Disable SPAN on pg0 sub if (mirrored to vxlan)
264 self.vapi.sw_interface_span_enable_disable(
265 self.sub_if.sw_if_index, self.vxlan.sw_if_index, state=0, is_l2=1)
266 self.xconnect(self.sub_if.sw_if_index, self.pg1.sw_if_index, is_add=0)
267 self.verify_capture(pg1_pkts, pg2_pkts)
269 def test_span_l2_rx_dst_gre_erspan(self):
270 """ SPAN l2 rx mirror into gre-erspan """
272 self.sub_if.admin_up()
274 gre_if = VppGreInterface(self, self.pg2.local_ip4,
277 type=(VppEnum.vl_api_gre_tunnel_type_t.
278 GRE_API_TUNNEL_TYPE_ERSPAN))
280 gre_if.add_vpp_config()
283 self.bridge(gre_if.sw_if_index)
284 # Create bi-directional cross-connects between pg0 and pg1
285 self.xconnect(self.sub_if.sw_if_index, self.pg1.sw_if_index, is_add=1)
287 # Create incoming packet streams for packet-generator interfaces
288 pkts = self.create_stream(
289 self.pg0, self.pg_if_packet_sizes, do_dot1=True)
290 self.pg0.add_stream(pkts)
292 # Enable SPAN on pg0 sub if (mirrored to gre-erspan)
293 self.vapi.sw_interface_span_enable_disable(
294 self.sub_if.sw_if_index, gre_if.sw_if_index, is_l2=1)
296 # Enable packet capturing and start packet sending
297 self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
300 # Verify packets outgoing packet streams on mirrored interface (pg2)
302 pg1_pkts = self.pg1.get_capture(n_pkts)
303 pg2_pkts = self.pg2.get_capture(n_pkts)
305 def decap(p): return self.decap_erspan(p, session=543)
306 pg2_decaped = [decap(p) for p in pg2_pkts]
308 self.bridge(gre_if.sw_if_index, is_add=0)
310 # Disable SPAN on pg0 sub if
311 self.vapi.sw_interface_span_enable_disable(
312 self.sub_if.sw_if_index, gre_if.sw_if_index, state=0, is_l2=1)
313 gre_if.remove_vpp_config()
314 self.xconnect(self.sub_if.sw_if_index, self.pg1.sw_if_index, is_add=0)
316 self.verify_capture(pg1_pkts, pg2_decaped)
318 def test_span_l2_rx_dst_gre_subif_vtr(self):
319 """ SPAN l2 rx mirror into gre-subif+vtr """
321 self.sub_if.admin_up()
323 gre_if = VppGreInterface(self, self.pg2.local_ip4,
325 type=(VppEnum.vl_api_gre_tunnel_type_t.
326 GRE_API_TUNNEL_TYPE_TEB))
328 gre_if.add_vpp_config()
331 gre_sub_if = VppDot1QSubint(self, gre_if, 500)
332 gre_sub_if.set_vtr(L2_VTR_OP.L2_POP_1, tag=500)
333 gre_sub_if.admin_up()
335 self.bridge(gre_sub_if.sw_if_index)
336 # Create bi-directional cross-connects between pg0 and pg1
337 self.xconnect(self.sub_if.sw_if_index, self.pg1.sw_if_index, is_add=1)
339 # Create incoming packet streams for packet-generator interfaces
340 pkts = self.create_stream(
341 self.pg0, self.pg_if_packet_sizes, do_dot1=True)
342 self.pg0.add_stream(pkts)
344 # Enable SPAN on pg0 sub if (mirrored to gre sub if)
345 self.vapi.sw_interface_span_enable_disable(
346 self.sub_if.sw_if_index, gre_sub_if.sw_if_index, is_l2=1)
348 # Enable packet capturing and start packet sending
349 self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
352 # Verify packets outgoing packet streams on mirrored interface (pg2)
354 pg1_pkts = self.pg1.get_capture(n_pkts)
355 pg2_pkts = self.pg2.get_capture(n_pkts)
357 def decap(p): return self.remove_tags(
358 self.decap_gre(p), [Tag(dot1=DOT1Q, vlan=500)])
359 pg2_decaped = [decap(p) for p in pg2_pkts]
361 self.bridge(gre_sub_if.sw_if_index, is_add=0)
363 # Disable SPAN on pg0 sub if
364 self.vapi.sw_interface_span_enable_disable(
365 self.sub_if.sw_if_index, gre_sub_if.sw_if_index, state=0, is_l2=1)
366 gre_if.remove_vpp_config()
367 self.xconnect(self.sub_if.sw_if_index, self.pg1.sw_if_index, is_add=0)
369 self.verify_capture(pg1_pkts, pg2_decaped)
371 def test_span_l2_rx_dst_1q_vtr(self):
372 """ SPAN l2 rx mirror into 1q subif+vtr """
374 self.sub_if.admin_up()
375 self.vlan_sub_if.admin_up()
377 self.bridge(self.vlan_sub_if.sw_if_index)
378 # Create bi-directional cross-connects between pg0 and pg1
379 self.xconnect(self.sub_if.sw_if_index, self.pg1.sw_if_index, is_add=1)
381 # Create incoming packet streams for packet-generator interfaces
382 pkts = self.create_stream(
383 self.pg0, self.pg_if_packet_sizes, do_dot1=True)
384 self.pg0.add_stream(pkts)
386 self.vapi.sw_interface_span_enable_disable(
387 self.sub_if.sw_if_index, self.vlan_sub_if.sw_if_index, is_l2=1)
389 # Enable packet capturing and start packet sending
390 self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
393 # Verify packets outgoing packet streams on mirrored interface (pg2)
395 pg1_pkts = self.pg1.get_capture(n_pkts)
396 pg2_pkts = self.pg2.get_capture(n_pkts)
397 pg2_untagged = [self.remove_tags(p, [Tag(dot1=DOT1Q, vlan=300)])
400 self.bridge(self.vlan_sub_if.sw_if_index, is_add=0)
401 # Disable SPAN on pg0 sub if (mirrored to vxlan)
402 self.vapi.sw_interface_span_enable_disable(
403 self.sub_if.sw_if_index, self.vlan_sub_if.sw_if_index, state=0,
405 self.xconnect(self.sub_if.sw_if_index, self.pg1.sw_if_index, is_add=0)
407 self.verify_capture(pg1_pkts, pg2_untagged)
409 def test_span_l2_rx_dst_1ad_vtr(self):
410 """ SPAN l2 rx mirror into 1ad subif+vtr """
412 self.sub_if.admin_up()
413 self.qinq_sub_if.admin_up()
415 self.bridge(self.qinq_sub_if.sw_if_index)
416 # Create bi-directional cross-connects between pg0 and pg1
417 self.xconnect(self.sub_if.sw_if_index, self.pg1.sw_if_index, is_add=1)
419 # Create incoming packet streams for packet-generator interfaces
420 pkts = self.create_stream(
421 self.pg0, self.pg_if_packet_sizes, do_dot1=True)
422 self.pg0.add_stream(pkts)
424 self.vapi.sw_interface_span_enable_disable(
425 self.sub_if.sw_if_index, self.qinq_sub_if.sw_if_index, is_l2=1)
427 # Enable packet capturing and start packet sending
428 self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
431 # Verify packets outgoing packet streams on mirrored interface (pg2)
433 pg1_pkts = self.pg1.get_capture(n_pkts)
434 pg2_pkts = self.pg2.get_capture(n_pkts)
435 pg2_untagged = [self.remove_tags(p, [Tag(dot1=DOT1AD, vlan=400),
436 Tag(dot1=DOT1Q, vlan=500)])
439 self.bridge(self.qinq_sub_if.sw_if_index, is_add=0)
440 # Disable SPAN on pg0 sub if (mirrored to vxlan)
441 self.vapi.sw_interface_span_enable_disable(
442 self.sub_if.sw_if_index, self.qinq_sub_if.sw_if_index, state=0,
444 self.xconnect(self.sub_if.sw_if_index, self.pg1.sw_if_index, is_add=0)
446 self.verify_capture(pg1_pkts, pg2_untagged)
448 def test_l2_tx_span(self):
449 """ SPAN l2 tx mirror """
451 self.sub_if.admin_up()
452 self.bridge(self.pg2.sw_if_index)
453 # Create bi-directional cross-connects between pg0 and pg1
454 self.xconnect(self.sub_if.sw_if_index, self.pg1.sw_if_index)
455 # Create incoming packet streams for packet-generator interfaces
456 pkts = self.create_stream(
457 self.pg0, self.pg_if_packet_sizes, do_dot1=True)
458 self.pg0.add_stream(pkts)
460 # Enable SPAN on pg1 (mirrored to pg2)
461 self.vapi.sw_interface_span_enable_disable(
462 self.pg1.sw_if_index, self.pg2.sw_if_index, is_l2=1, state=2)
464 self.logger.info(self.vapi.ppcli("show interface span"))
465 # Enable packet capturing and start packet sending
466 self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
469 # Verify packets outgoing packet streams on mirrored interface (pg2)
471 pg1_pkts = self.pg1.get_capture(n_pkts)
472 pg2_pkts = self.pg2.get_capture(n_pkts)
473 self.bridge(self.pg2.sw_if_index, is_add=0)
474 # Disable SPAN on pg0 (mirrored to pg2)
475 self.vapi.sw_interface_span_enable_disable(
476 self.pg1.sw_if_index, self.pg2.sw_if_index, state=0, is_l2=1)
477 self.xconnect(self.sub_if.sw_if_index, self.pg1.sw_if_index, is_add=0)
479 self.verify_capture(pg1_pkts, pg2_pkts)
481 def test_l2_rx_tx_span(self):
482 """ SPAN l2 rx tx mirror """
484 self.sub_if.admin_up()
485 self.bridge(self.pg2.sw_if_index)
486 # Create bi-directional cross-connects between pg0 and pg1
487 self.xconnect(self.sub_if.sw_if_index, self.pg1.sw_if_index)
489 # Create incoming packet streams for packet-generator interfaces
490 pg0_pkts = self.create_stream(
491 self.pg0, self.pg_if_packet_sizes, do_dot1=True)
492 self.pg0.add_stream(pg0_pkts)
493 pg1_pkts = self.create_stream(
494 self.pg1, self.pg_if_packet_sizes, do_dot1=False)
495 self.pg1.add_stream(pg1_pkts)
497 # Enable SPAN on pg0 (mirrored to pg2)
498 self.vapi.sw_interface_span_enable_disable(
499 self.sub_if.sw_if_index, self.pg2.sw_if_index, is_l2=1, state=3)
500 self.logger.info(self.vapi.ppcli("show interface span"))
502 # Enable packet capturing and start packet sending
503 self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
506 # Verify packets outgoing packet streams on mirrored interface (pg2)
507 pg0_expected = len(pg1_pkts)
508 pg1_expected = len(pg0_pkts)
509 pg2_expected = pg0_expected + pg1_expected
511 pg0_pkts = self.pg0.get_capture(pg0_expected)
512 pg1_pkts = self.pg1.get_capture(pg1_expected)
513 pg2_pkts = self.pg2.get_capture(pg2_expected)
515 self.bridge(self.pg2.sw_if_index, is_add=0)
516 # Disable SPAN on pg0 (mirrored to pg2)
517 self.vapi.sw_interface_span_enable_disable(
518 self.sub_if.sw_if_index, self.pg2.sw_if_index, state=0, is_l2=1)
519 self.xconnect(self.sub_if.sw_if_index, self.pg1.sw_if_index, is_add=0)
521 self.verify_capture(pg0_pkts + pg1_pkts, pg2_pkts)
523 def test_l2_bcast_mirror(self):
524 """ SPAN l2 broadcast mirror """
526 self.sub_if.admin_up()
527 self.bridge(self.pg2.sw_if_index)
529 # Create bi-directional cross-connects between pg0 and pg1
530 self.vapi.sw_interface_set_l2_bridge(
531 rx_sw_if_index=self.sub_if.sw_if_index, bd_id=99, enable=1)
532 self.vapi.sw_interface_set_l2_bridge(
533 rx_sw_if_index=self.pg1.sw_if_index, bd_id=99, enable=1)
535 # Create incoming packet streams for packet-generator interfaces
536 pg0_pkts = self.create_stream(
537 self.pg0, self.pg_if_packet_sizes, do_dot1=True, bcast=True)
538 self.pg0.add_stream(pg0_pkts)
539 pg1_pkts = self.create_stream(
540 self.pg1, self.pg_if_packet_sizes, do_dot1=False, bcast=True)
541 self.pg1.add_stream(pg1_pkts)
543 # Enable SPAN on pg0 (mirrored to pg2)
544 self.vapi.sw_interface_span_enable_disable(
545 self.sub_if.sw_if_index, self.pg2.sw_if_index, is_l2=1, state=3)
546 self.logger.info(self.vapi.ppcli("show interface span"))
548 # Enable packet capturing and start packet sending
549 self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
552 # Verify packets outgoing packet streams on mirrored interface (pg2)
553 pg0_expected = len(pg1_pkts)
554 pg1_expected = len(pg0_pkts)
555 pg2_expected = pg0_expected + pg1_expected
557 pg0_pkts = self.pg0.get_capture(pg0_expected)
558 pg1_pkts = self.pg1.get_capture(pg1_expected)
559 pg2_pkts = self.pg2.get_capture(pg2_expected)
561 self.bridge(self.pg2.sw_if_index, is_add=0)
562 self.vapi.sw_interface_set_l2_bridge(
563 rx_sw_if_index=self.sub_if.sw_if_index, bd_id=99, enable=0)
564 self.vapi.sw_interface_set_l2_bridge(
565 rx_sw_if_index=self.pg1.sw_if_index, bd_id=99, enable=0)
566 # Disable SPAN on pg0 (mirrored to pg2)
567 self.vapi.sw_interface_span_enable_disable(
568 self.sub_if.sw_if_index, self.pg2.sw_if_index, state=0, is_l2=1)
570 self.verify_capture(pg0_pkts + pg1_pkts, pg2_pkts)
573 if __name__ == '__main__':
574 unittest.main(testRunner=VppTestRunner)