dpdk: avoid false sharing of dpdk_buffer_per_thread_data
[vpp.git] / src / plugins / dpdk / buffer.c
index b3dca95..3ac9c69 100644 (file)
 STATIC_ASSERT (VLIB_BUFFER_PRE_DATA_SIZE == RTE_PKTMBUF_HEADROOM,
               "VLIB_BUFFER_PRE_DATA_SIZE must be equal to RTE_PKTMBUF_HEADROOM");
 
+typedef struct
+{
+  CLIB_CACHE_LINE_ALIGN_MARK (cacheline0);
+  struct rte_mbuf ***mbuf_pending_free_list;
+
+  /* cached last pool */
+  struct rte_mempool *last_pool;
+  u8 last_buffer_pool_index;
+} dpdk_buffer_per_thread_data;
+
+typedef struct
+{
+  dpdk_buffer_per_thread_data *ptd;
+} dpdk_buffer_main_t;
+
+dpdk_buffer_main_t dpdk_buffer_main;
+
 static_always_inline void
-dpdk_rte_pktmbuf_free (vlib_main_t * vm, vlib_buffer_t * b)
+dpdk_rte_pktmbuf_free (vlib_main_t * vm, u32 thread_index, vlib_buffer_t * b)
 {
   vlib_buffer_t *hb = b;
+  dpdk_buffer_main_t *dbm = &dpdk_buffer_main;
+  dpdk_buffer_per_thread_data *d = vec_elt_at_index (dbm->ptd, thread_index);
   struct rte_mbuf *mb;
   u32 next, flags;
   mb = rte_mbuf_from_vlib_buffer (hb);
@@ -98,7 +117,20 @@ next:
       b->n_add_refs = 0;
     }
 
-  rte_pktmbuf_free_seg (mb);
+  mb = rte_pktmbuf_prefree_seg (mb);
+  if (mb)
+    {
+      if (mb->pool != d->last_pool)
+       {
+         d->last_pool = mb->pool;
+         dpdk_mempool_private_t *privp = rte_mempool_get_priv (d->last_pool);
+         d->last_buffer_pool_index = privp->buffer_pool_index;
+         vec_validate_aligned (d->mbuf_pending_free_list,
+                               d->last_buffer_pool_index,
+                               CLIB_CACHE_LINE_BYTES);
+       }
+      vec_add1 (d->mbuf_pending_free_list[d->last_buffer_pool_index], mb);
+    }
 
   if (flags & VLIB_BUFFER_NEXT_PRESENT)
     {
@@ -107,16 +139,18 @@ next:
     }
 }
 
+#ifndef CLIB_MULTIARCH_VARIANT
 static void
 del_free_list (vlib_main_t * vm, vlib_buffer_free_list_t * f)
 {
   u32 i;
   vlib_buffer_t *b;
+  u32 thread_index = vlib_get_thread_index ();
 
   for (i = 0; i < vec_len (f->buffers); i++)
     {
       b = vlib_get_buffer (vm, f->buffers[i]);
-      dpdk_rte_pktmbuf_free (vm, b);
+      dpdk_rte_pktmbuf_free (vm, thread_index, b);
     }
 
   vec_free (f->name);
@@ -159,6 +193,7 @@ dpdk_buffer_delete_free_list (vlib_main_t * vm, u32 free_list_index)
       pool_put (bm->buffer_free_list_pool, f);
     }
 }
+#endif
 
 /* Make sure free list has at least given number of free buffers. */
 static uword
@@ -171,7 +206,9 @@ fill_free_list (vlib_main_t * vm,
   u32 bi0, bi1, bi2, bi3;
   unsigned socket_id = rte_socket_id ();
   struct rte_mempool *rmp = dm->pktmbuf_pools[socket_id];
+  dpdk_mempool_private_t *privp = rte_mempool_get_priv (rmp);
   struct rte_mbuf *mb0, *mb1, *mb2, *mb3;
+  vlib_buffer_t bt;
 
   /* Too early? */
   if (PREDICT_FALSE (rmp == 0))
@@ -193,11 +230,15 @@ fill_free_list (vlib_main_t * vm,
   if (rte_mempool_get_bulk (rmp, vm->mbuf_alloc_list, n) < 0)
     return 0;
 
-  dpdk_mempool_private_t *privp = rte_mempool_get_priv (rmp);
+  memset (&bt, 0, sizeof (vlib_buffer_t));
+  vlib_buffer_init_for_free_list (&bt, fl);
+  bt.buffer_pool_index = privp->buffer_pool_index;
 
   _vec_len (vm->mbuf_alloc_list) = n;
 
   i = 0;
+  int f = vec_len (fl->buffers);
+  vec_resize_aligned (fl->buffers, n, CLIB_CACHE_LINE_BYTES);
 
   while (i < (n - 7))
     {
@@ -225,20 +266,12 @@ fill_free_list (vlib_main_t * vm,
       bi2 = vlib_get_buffer_index (vm, b2);
       bi3 = vlib_get_buffer_index (vm, b3);
 
-      vec_add1_aligned (fl->buffers, bi0, CLIB_CACHE_LINE_BYTES);
-      vec_add1_aligned (fl->buffers, bi1, CLIB_CACHE_LINE_BYTES);
-      vec_add1_aligned (fl->buffers, bi2, CLIB_CACHE_LINE_BYTES);
-      vec_add1_aligned (fl->buffers, bi3, CLIB_CACHE_LINE_BYTES);
-
-      vlib_buffer_init_for_free_list (b0, fl);
-      vlib_buffer_init_for_free_list (b1, fl);
-      vlib_buffer_init_for_free_list (b2, fl);
-      vlib_buffer_init_for_free_list (b3, fl);
+      fl->buffers[f++] = bi0;
+      fl->buffers[f++] = bi1;
+      fl->buffers[f++] = bi2;
+      fl->buffers[f++] = bi3;
 
-      b0->buffer_pool_index = privp->buffer_pool_index;
-      b1->buffer_pool_index = privp->buffer_pool_index;
-      b2->buffer_pool_index = privp->buffer_pool_index;
-      b3->buffer_pool_index = privp->buffer_pool_index;
+      clib_memcpy64_x4 (b0, b1, b2, b3, &bt);
 
       if (fl->buffer_init_function)
        {
@@ -257,10 +290,8 @@ fill_free_list (vlib_main_t * vm,
       b0 = vlib_buffer_from_rte_mbuf (mb0);
       bi0 = vlib_get_buffer_index (vm, b0);
 
-      vec_add1_aligned (fl->buffers, bi0, CLIB_CACHE_LINE_BYTES);
-
-      vlib_buffer_init_for_free_list (b0, fl);
-      b0->buffer_pool_index = privp->buffer_pool_index;
+      fl->buffers[f++] = bi0;
+      clib_memcpy (b0, &bt, sizeof (vlib_buffer_t));
 
       if (fl->buffer_init_function)
        fl->buffer_init_function (vm, fl, &bi0, 1);
@@ -301,7 +332,8 @@ alloc_from_free_list (vlib_main_t * vm,
    Returns number actually allocated which will be either zero or
    number requested. */
 u32
-dpdk_buffer_alloc (vlib_main_t * vm, u32 * buffers, u32 n_buffers)
+CLIB_MULTIARCH_FN (dpdk_buffer_alloc) (vlib_main_t * vm, u32 * buffers,
+                                      u32 n_buffers)
 {
   vlib_buffer_main_t *bm = vm->buffer_main;
 
@@ -314,9 +346,10 @@ dpdk_buffer_alloc (vlib_main_t * vm, u32 * buffers, u32 n_buffers)
 
 
 u32
-dpdk_buffer_alloc_from_free_list (vlib_main_t * vm,
-                                 u32 * buffers,
-                                 u32 n_buffers, u32 free_list_index)
+CLIB_MULTIARCH_FN (dpdk_buffer_alloc_from_free_list) (vlib_main_t * vm,
+                                                     u32 * buffers,
+                                                     u32 n_buffers,
+                                                     u32 free_list_index)
 {
   vlib_buffer_main_t *bm = vm->buffer_main;
   vlib_buffer_free_list_t *f;
@@ -324,14 +357,60 @@ dpdk_buffer_alloc_from_free_list (vlib_main_t * vm,
   return alloc_from_free_list (vm, f, buffers, n_buffers);
 }
 
+static_always_inline void
+dpdk_prefetch_buffer_by_index (vlib_main_t * vm, u32 bi)
+{
+  vlib_buffer_t *b;
+  struct rte_mbuf *mb;
+  b = vlib_get_buffer (vm, bi);
+  mb = rte_mbuf_from_vlib_buffer (b);
+  CLIB_PREFETCH (mb, 2 * CLIB_CACHE_LINE_BYTES, STORE);
+  CLIB_PREFETCH (b, CLIB_CACHE_LINE_BYTES, LOAD);
+}
+
+static_always_inline void
+recycle_or_free (vlib_main_t * vm, vlib_buffer_main_t * bm, u32 bi,
+                vlib_buffer_t * b)
+{
+  vlib_buffer_free_list_t *fl;
+  u32 thread_index = vlib_get_thread_index ();
+  u32 fi;
+  fl = vlib_buffer_get_buffer_free_list (vm, b, &fi);
+
+  /* The only current use of this callback: multicast recycle */
+  if (PREDICT_FALSE (fl->buffers_added_to_freelist_function != 0))
+    {
+      int j;
+
+      vlib_buffer_add_to_free_list (vm, fl, bi,
+                                   (b->flags & VLIB_BUFFER_RECYCLE) == 0);
+
+      for (j = 0; j < vec_len (bm->announce_list); j++)
+       {
+         if (fl == bm->announce_list[j])
+           goto already_announced;
+       }
+      vec_add1 (bm->announce_list, fl);
+    already_announced:
+      ;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (PREDICT_TRUE ((b->flags & VLIB_BUFFER_RECYCLE) == 0))
+       dpdk_rte_pktmbuf_free (vm, thread_index, b);
+    }
+}
+
 static_always_inline void
 vlib_buffer_free_inline (vlib_main_t * vm,
                         u32 * buffers, u32 n_buffers, u32 follow_buffer_next)
 {
   vlib_buffer_main_t *bm = vm->buffer_main;
-  vlib_buffer_free_list_t *fl;
-  u32 fi;
-  int i;
+  dpdk_buffer_main_t *dbm = &dpdk_buffer_main;
+  vlib_buffer_t *b0, *b1, *b2, *b3;
+  u32 thread_index = vlib_get_thread_index ();
+  dpdk_buffer_per_thread_data *d = vec_elt_at_index (dbm->ptd, thread_index);
+  int i = 0;
   u32 (*cb) (vlib_main_t * vm, u32 * buffers, u32 n_buffers,
             u32 follow_buffer_next);
 
@@ -343,36 +422,36 @@ vlib_buffer_free_inline (vlib_main_t * vm,
   if (!n_buffers)
     return;
 
-  for (i = 0; i < n_buffers; i++)
+  while (i + 7 < n_buffers)
     {
-      vlib_buffer_t *b;
+      dpdk_prefetch_buffer_by_index (vm, buffers[i + 4]);
+      dpdk_prefetch_buffer_by_index (vm, buffers[i + 5]);
+      dpdk_prefetch_buffer_by_index (vm, buffers[i + 6]);
+      dpdk_prefetch_buffer_by_index (vm, buffers[i + 7]);
+
+      b0 = vlib_get_buffer (vm, buffers[i]);
+      b1 = vlib_get_buffer (vm, buffers[i + 1]);
+      b2 = vlib_get_buffer (vm, buffers[i + 2]);
+      b3 = vlib_get_buffer (vm, buffers[i + 3]);
+
+      VLIB_BUFFER_TRACE_TRAJECTORY_INIT (b0);
+      VLIB_BUFFER_TRACE_TRAJECTORY_INIT (b1);
+      VLIB_BUFFER_TRACE_TRAJECTORY_INIT (b2);
+      VLIB_BUFFER_TRACE_TRAJECTORY_INIT (b3);
+
+      recycle_or_free (vm, bm, buffers[i], b0);
+      recycle_or_free (vm, bm, buffers[i + 1], b1);
+      recycle_or_free (vm, bm, buffers[i + 2], b2);
+      recycle_or_free (vm, bm, buffers[i + 3], b3);
 
-      b = vlib_get_buffer (vm, buffers[i]);
+      i += 4;
+    }
+  while (i < n_buffers)
+    {
+      b0 = vlib_get_buffer (vm, buffers[i]);
       VLIB_BUFFER_TRACE_TRAJECTORY_INIT (b);
-      fl = vlib_buffer_get_buffer_free_list (vm, b, &fi);
-
-      /* The only current use of this callback: multicast recycle */
-      if (PREDICT_FALSE (fl->buffers_added_to_freelist_function != 0))
-       {
-         int j;
-
-         vlib_buffer_add_to_free_list
-           (vm, fl, buffers[i], (b->flags & VLIB_BUFFER_RECYCLE) == 0);
-
-         for (j = 0; j < vec_len (bm->announce_list); j++)
-           {
-             if (fl == bm->announce_list[j])
-               goto already_announced;
-           }
-         vec_add1 (bm->announce_list, fl);
-       already_announced:
-         ;
-       }
-      else
-       {
-         if (PREDICT_TRUE ((b->flags & VLIB_BUFFER_RECYCLE) == 0))
-           dpdk_rte_pktmbuf_free (vm, b);
-       }
+      recycle_or_free (vm, bm, buffers[i], b0);
+      i++;
     }
   if (vec_len (bm->announce_list))
     {
@@ -384,22 +463,36 @@ vlib_buffer_free_inline (vlib_main_t * vm,
        }
       _vec_len (bm->announce_list) = 0;
     }
+
+  vec_foreach_index (i, d->mbuf_pending_free_list)
+  {
+    int len = vec_len (d->mbuf_pending_free_list[i]);
+    if (len)
+      {
+       rte_mempool_put_bulk (d->mbuf_pending_free_list[i][len - 1]->pool,
+                             (void *) d->mbuf_pending_free_list[i], len);
+       vec_reset_length (d->mbuf_pending_free_list[i]);
+      }
+  }
 }
 
-static void
-dpdk_buffer_free (vlib_main_t * vm, u32 * buffers, u32 n_buffers)
+void
+CLIB_MULTIARCH_FN (dpdk_buffer_free) (vlib_main_t * vm, u32 * buffers,
+                                     u32 n_buffers)
 {
   vlib_buffer_free_inline (vm, buffers, n_buffers,     /* follow_buffer_next */
                           1);
 }
 
-static void
-dpdk_buffer_free_no_next (vlib_main_t * vm, u32 * buffers, u32 n_buffers)
+void
+CLIB_MULTIARCH_FN (dpdk_buffer_free_no_next) (vlib_main_t * vm, u32 * buffers,
+                                             u32 n_buffers)
 {
   vlib_buffer_free_inline (vm, buffers, n_buffers,     /* follow_buffer_next */
                           0);
 }
 
+#ifndef CLIB_MULTIARCH_VARIANT
 static void
 dpdk_packet_template_init (vlib_main_t * vm,
                           void *vt,
@@ -417,6 +510,59 @@ dpdk_packet_template_init (vlib_main_t * vm,
   vlib_worker_thread_barrier_release (vm);
 }
 
+clib_error_t *
+dpdk_pool_create (vlib_main_t * vm, u8 * pool_name, u32 elt_size,
+                 u32 num_elts, u32 pool_priv_size, u16 cache_size, u8 numa,
+                 struct rte_mempool **_mp, vlib_physmem_region_index_t * pri)
+{
+  struct rte_mempool *mp;
+  vlib_physmem_region_t *pr;
+  clib_error_t *error = 0;
+  u32 size, obj_size;
+  i32 ret;
+
+  obj_size = rte_mempool_calc_obj_size (elt_size, 0, 0);
+#if RTE_VERSION < RTE_VERSION_NUM(17, 11, 0, 0)
+  size = rte_mempool_xmem_size (num_elts, obj_size, 21);
+#else
+  size = rte_mempool_xmem_size (num_elts, obj_size, 21, 0);
+#endif
+
+  error =
+    vlib_physmem_region_alloc (vm, (i8 *) pool_name, size, numa, 0, pri);
+  if (error)
+    return error;
+
+  pr = vlib_physmem_get_region (vm, pri[0]);
+
+  mp =
+    rte_mempool_create_empty ((i8 *) pool_name, num_elts, elt_size,
+                             512, pool_priv_size, numa, 0);
+  if (!mp)
+    return clib_error_return (0, "failed to create %s", pool_name);
+
+  rte_mempool_set_ops_byname (mp, RTE_MBUF_DEFAULT_MEMPOOL_OPS, NULL);
+
+#if RTE_VERSION < RTE_VERSION_NUM(17, 11, 0, 0)
+  ret =
+    rte_mempool_populate_phys_tab (mp, pr->mem, pr->page_table, pr->n_pages,
+                                  pr->log2_page_size, NULL, NULL);
+#else
+  ret =
+    rte_mempool_populate_iova_tab (mp, pr->mem, pr->page_table, pr->n_pages,
+                                  pr->log2_page_size, NULL, NULL);
+#endif
+  if (ret != (i32) mp->size)
+    {
+      rte_mempool_free (mp);
+      return clib_error_return (0, "failed to populate %s", pool_name);
+    }
+
+  _mp[0] = mp;
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
 clib_error_t *
 dpdk_buffer_pool_create (vlib_main_t * vm, unsigned num_mbufs,
                         unsigned socket_id)
@@ -424,12 +570,10 @@ dpdk_buffer_pool_create (vlib_main_t * vm, unsigned num_mbufs,
   dpdk_main_t *dm = &dpdk_main;
   struct rte_mempool *rmp;
   dpdk_mempool_private_t priv;
-  vlib_physmem_region_t *pr;
   vlib_physmem_region_index_t pri;
+  clib_error_t *error = 0;
   u8 *pool_name;
-  unsigned elt_size;
-  u32 size, obj_size;
-  i32 i, ret;
+  u32 elt_size, i;
 
   vec_validate_aligned (dm->pktmbuf_pools, socket_id, CLIB_CACHE_LINE_BYTES);
 
@@ -443,61 +587,34 @@ dpdk_buffer_pool_create (vlib_main_t * vm, unsigned num_mbufs,
     VLIB_BUFFER_HDR_SIZE /* priv size */  +
     VLIB_BUFFER_PRE_DATA_SIZE + VLIB_BUFFER_DATA_SIZE; /*data room size */
 
-  obj_size = rte_mempool_calc_obj_size (elt_size, 0, 0);
-  size = rte_mempool_xmem_size (num_mbufs, obj_size, 21);
-
-  clib_error_t *error = 0;
-  error = vlib_physmem_region_alloc (vm, (char *) pool_name, size, socket_id,
-                                    0, &pri);
-  if (error)
-    clib_error_report (error);
+  error =
+    dpdk_pool_create (vm, pool_name, elt_size, num_mbufs,
+                     sizeof (dpdk_mempool_private_t), 512, socket_id,
+                     &rmp, &pri);
 
-  pr = vlib_physmem_get_region (vm, pri);
-
-  priv.mbp_priv.mbuf_data_room_size = VLIB_BUFFER_PRE_DATA_SIZE +
-    VLIB_BUFFER_DATA_SIZE;
-  priv.mbp_priv.mbuf_priv_size = VLIB_BUFFER_HDR_SIZE;
+  vec_free (pool_name);
 
-#if 0
-  /* Check that pg_shift parameter is valid. */
-  if (pg_shift > MEMPOOL_PG_SHIFT_MAX)
+  if (!error)
     {
-      rte_errno = EINVAL;
-      return NULL;
-    }
-#endif
-  rmp = rte_mempool_create_empty ((char *) pool_name,  /* pool name */
-                                 num_mbufs,    /* number of mbufs */
-                                 elt_size, 512,        /* cache size */
-                                 sizeof (dpdk_mempool_private_t),      /* private data size */
-                                 socket_id, 0);        /* flags */
-  if (rmp)
-    {
-      rte_mempool_set_ops_byname (rmp, RTE_MBUF_DEFAULT_MEMPOOL_OPS, NULL);
+      priv.mbp_priv.mbuf_data_room_size = VLIB_BUFFER_PRE_DATA_SIZE +
+       VLIB_BUFFER_DATA_SIZE;
+      priv.mbp_priv.mbuf_priv_size = VLIB_BUFFER_HDR_SIZE;
 
       /* call the mempool priv initializer */
       rte_pktmbuf_pool_init (rmp, &priv);
 
-      ret = rte_mempool_populate_phys_tab (rmp, pr->mem, pr->page_table,
-                                          pr->n_pages, pr->log2_page_size,
-                                          NULL, NULL);
-      if (ret == (i32) rmp->size)
-       {
-         /* call the object initializers */
-         rte_mempool_obj_iter (rmp, rte_pktmbuf_init, 0);
+      /* call the object initializers */
+      rte_mempool_obj_iter (rmp, rte_pktmbuf_init, 0);
 
-         dpdk_mempool_private_t *privp = rte_mempool_get_priv (rmp);
-         privp->buffer_pool_index = vlib_buffer_add_physmem_region (vm, pri);
+      dpdk_mempool_private_t *privp = rte_mempool_get_priv (rmp);
+      privp->buffer_pool_index = vlib_buffer_add_physmem_region (vm, pri);
 
-         dm->pktmbuf_pools[socket_id] = rmp;
+      dm->pktmbuf_pools[socket_id] = rmp;
 
-         return 0;
-       }
-
-      rte_mempool_free (rmp);
+      return 0;
     }
 
-  vec_free (pool_name);
+  clib_error_report (error);
 
   /* no usable pool for this socket, try to use pool from another one */
   for (i = 0; i < vec_len (dm->pktmbuf_pools); i++)
@@ -602,6 +719,18 @@ dpdk_buffer_poison_trajectory_all (void)
 }
 #endif
 
+static clib_error_t *
+dpdk_buffer_init (vlib_main_t * vm)
+{
+  dpdk_buffer_main_t *dbm = &dpdk_buffer_main;
+  vlib_thread_main_t *tm = vlib_get_thread_main ();
+  vec_validate_aligned (dbm->ptd, tm->n_vlib_mains - 1,
+                       CLIB_CACHE_LINE_BYTES);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+VLIB_INIT_FUNCTION (dpdk_buffer_init);
+
 /* *INDENT-OFF* */
 VLIB_BUFFER_REGISTER_CALLBACKS (dpdk, static) = {
   .vlib_buffer_alloc_cb = &dpdk_buffer_alloc,
@@ -613,6 +742,42 @@ VLIB_BUFFER_REGISTER_CALLBACKS (dpdk, static) = {
 };
 /* *INDENT-ON* */
 
+#if __x86_64__
+vlib_buffer_alloc_cb_t __clib_weak dpdk_buffer_alloc_avx512;
+vlib_buffer_alloc_cb_t __clib_weak dpdk_buffer_alloc_avx2;
+vlib_buffer_alloc_from_free_list_cb_t __clib_weak
+  dpdk_buffer_alloc_from_free_list_avx512;
+vlib_buffer_alloc_from_free_list_cb_t __clib_weak
+  dpdk_buffer_alloc_from_free_list_avx2;
+vlib_buffer_free_cb_t __clib_weak dpdk_buffer_free_avx512;
+vlib_buffer_free_cb_t __clib_weak dpdk_buffer_free_avx2;
+vlib_buffer_free_no_next_cb_t __clib_weak dpdk_buffer_free_no_next_avx512;
+vlib_buffer_free_no_next_cb_t __clib_weak dpdk_buffer_free_no_next_avx2;
+
+static void __clib_constructor
+dpdk_input_multiarch_select (void)
+{
+  vlib_buffer_callbacks_t *cb = &__dpdk_buffer_callbacks;
+  if (dpdk_buffer_alloc_avx512 && clib_cpu_supports_avx512f ())
+    {
+      cb->vlib_buffer_alloc_cb = dpdk_buffer_alloc_avx512;
+      cb->vlib_buffer_alloc_from_free_list_cb =
+       dpdk_buffer_alloc_from_free_list_avx512;
+      cb->vlib_buffer_free_cb = dpdk_buffer_free_avx512;
+      cb->vlib_buffer_free_no_next_cb = dpdk_buffer_free_no_next_avx512;
+    }
+  else if (dpdk_buffer_alloc_avx2 && clib_cpu_supports_avx2 ())
+    {
+      cb->vlib_buffer_alloc_cb = dpdk_buffer_alloc_avx2;
+      cb->vlib_buffer_alloc_from_free_list_cb =
+       dpdk_buffer_alloc_from_free_list_avx2;
+      cb->vlib_buffer_free_cb = dpdk_buffer_free_avx2;
+      cb->vlib_buffer_free_no_next_cb = dpdk_buffer_free_no_next_avx2;
+    }
+}
+#endif
+#endif
+
 /** @endcond */
 /*
  * fd.io coding-style-patch-verification: ON